DC Current flow
Conductor
Insulator
Measuring an Electric Current
Conductor Resistance
Basic Electronics
Finding Circuit Voltages
Measuring Voltage and Current
Variable Resistance
Adding Positive Values
Adding Negative Values
Adding Signed Values
Algebraic Addition of Currents
Subtracting Signed Voltages
Subtracting Negative Currrents
Resistor Value
Test
Select Random Value
Simple DC Circuits
Three Resistors in Series
Two Parallel Resistors
Potential Divider
Loading a Potential Divider
Pull Up, Pull Down Resistors
Types of Switching
Push Switch
Change-over Switch
Stair-case Switch
Relay Switch
Three-level Switch
Variable Voltages
DC Voltage
Switching a DC Voltage
Variable DC Voltage
Alternating DC Voltage
Ohm's Law
Ohm's Law: Current
Ohm's Law: Voltage
Ohm's Law: Resistance
Ohm's Law: Formula Transformation
DC Voltage
Voltage Divider
Loading a Voltage Divider
DC Current
Current Divider
Further Current Dividing
Kirchhoff's Current Law
Further Current Law
Series/Parallel Resistors
Series Resistors
Two Resistors in Parallel
Three or more Resistors in Parallel
Series Parallel Resistors
Further Series Parallel Resistors
Triangle Method
AC Measurements
RMS Voltage
Peak Voltage
Peak - Peak Voltage
Combining AC Voltages
Angular Values
Frequency Measurement
Period of AC Sine Wave
AC Voltage and Current
Resistor, Voltage and Current Relationship
Capacitor, Voltage and Current Relationship
Inductor, Voltage and Current Relationship
Series RCL Voltage and Current Relationship
Angle of Rotation
Parallelogram for Voltage Phase Angles
AC Theory
AC Ohm's Law
Combining Alternating Currents
Voltage and Current for R
Voltage and Current for C
Voltage and Current for L
Current Phasors
Oscilloscope Measurements
RCL Series Circuits
RC Series Circuit
RL Series Circuit
RCL Series Circuit
Series RC Voltages
Series RC Phase Angle
Series RL Phase Angle
Using Sin and Cos Trigonometric Functions
RCL Parallel Circuits
RC Parallel Circuit
RL Parallel Circuit
RCL Parallel Circuit
RCL Waveforms
Capacitance
Capacitor Charging
Capacitor Discharging
Capacitor Charge and Discharge Cycle
Calculating Capacitor Value
Calculating Capacitor Charge
Capacitor Charging Waveforms
Calculating RC Time Constant
Capacitors
Capacitor Reactance
Capacitors in Series
Capacitors in Parallel
Inductance
Storing Energy in an Inductor
Calculating an Induced Voltage
Calculating Inductive Energy
Inductive Circuit Waveforms
Calculating RL Time Constant
Inductors
Inductive Reactance
Inductors in Series
Inductors in Parallel
Impedance
RC Series Impedance
RL Series Impedance
RCL Series Impedance
RC Parallel Impedance
RL Parallel Impedance
RCL Parallel Impedance
Conductance, Susceptance, Admittance
Radio and Communication
AM Radio Transmitter Block Diagram
AM Radio Receiver Block Diagram
Main Types of Antenna
Antenna Current and Voltage Distribution
Simple Communications System
Morse Code Communication System
Measuring Wavelength
Wavelength to Frequency
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Simple AM Diode Detector
FM Demodulator
Signal Multiplexer
Fibre Optic Communications
Tuned Circuits
Tuned Circuit at Resonance
Series Circuit at Resonance
Parallel Circuit at Resonance
Finding the Q of a Tuned Circuit
Tuned Circuit Bandwidth
Coupling Tuned Circuits
Selectivity
Attenuators
Attenuation
Cascading Amplifiers and Attenuators
Symmetrical T Attenuator
Asymmetrical T Attenuator
Symmetrical pi Attenuator
Asymmetrical pi Attenuator
Passive Filters
RC Low Pass Passive Filter
RC High Pass Passive Filter
Band Pass Passive Filter
Band Stop Passive Filter
Wide Band Passive Filter
Active Filters
RC Low Pass Buffer Active Filter
RC Low Pass Active Filter
RC High Pass Active Filter
Oscillators
Positive Feedback
RF Variable Frequency Oscillator
Phase Shift Oscillator
Wien Bridge Oscillator
Astable Multivibrator
Unijunction Transistor
UJT Oscillator
Circuit Theorems
Superposition Theorem 1
Superposition Theorem 2
Constant Voltage Source
Constant Current Generator
Thevenin's Theorem 1
Thevenin's Theorem 2
Norton's Theorem
Maximum Power Transfer
Complex Numbers
Polar to Rectangular Number Form
Rectangular to Polar Form
Rectangular Addition
Rectangular Subtraction
Complex Number Multiplication
Complex Number Division
RC Series in Complex Form
Circuit Values from Complex Numbers
Electrical
DC Power
DC Power V and I
DC Power I and R
DC Power V and R
Series Resistor Power
Parallel Resistor Power
AC Power
Amplifier Power Gain/Loss
Power Levels Expressed in Decibels
RC Series Power
RL Series Power
Capacitance Reactive Power
Inductance Reactive Power
Power Factor Correction
Silicon Controlled Rectifier
Basic SCR Operation
Simple Alarm Latch
Time Delay SCR Switch
SCR Phase Control
Triac and Diac

Power Supplies
Half Wave Rectifier
Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
Zener Diode Characteristics
Zener Diode Voltage Regulation
Zener Diode Series Resistor
Zener Diode Current
Zener Diode Power Rating
Transformer Turns Ratio Voltage Regulation
Fixed Regulator Variable Voltage Regulator Regulated Voltage Supply
Magnetism
Attraction and Repulsion Magnetic Field of a Straight Conductor Magnetic Field of a Single Coil Electromagnet A Closed Magnetic Circuit Magnetic Circuit with an Air Gap Force on a Conductor in a Magnetic Field Permanent Magnet Induction Electro-magnetic Induction Self Induction and Back EMF A Simple AC EMF Generator Generating a Greater EMF Output Generator with DC Output DC Motor and Speed Control Stepper Motor
Transformers
Transformer Alternating Voltages and Currents Input Impedance Maximum Power Transfer Auto Transformer
Three Phase Systems
3-phase Generation of EMF
Balanced Star Generator
3-phase Balanced Star Load
Unbalanced 3-phase Star Load
3-phase Balanced Delta Load
Star and Delta Transformations
Displaying a Phasor Output
Energy Transfer and Cost
Electrical Charge
Electrical Energy and Tariff
Measuring Electrical Energy
Electrical Energy for Heating Water
SemiConductors
Atomic Structures
Hydrogen Atom
Electron Shells
Carbon Atom
Silicon Atom
Copper Atom
Germanium Atom
Silicon Crystal Covalent Bonds
P-type and N-type materials
Diode Theory
The PN Junction Diode Characteristics
Simple Diode Circuit
Forward Biased PN Junction
Reverse Biased PN Junction
Finding the Diode Forward Resistance
Diode Applications
Light Emitting Diode 1
Light Emitting Diode 2
Opto Coupler
Seven Segment Light Emitting Diode
Relay Protection Diode
Transistor Theory
NPN Transistor Construction
NPN Transistor Principle
Transistor Configurations
DC Operating Conditions
Transistor Switch
Simple Signal Amplifier
DC Amplifier
AC Amplifier
Two Port Transistor Model
Hybrid Circuit for Common Emitter Configuration
Equivalent NPN Transistor Circuit
Bipolar Transistor
Signal Clipping
DC Load Line
AC Load Line
AC Current Gain
Push Pull Output
Crossover Distortion
Power Output Stage
Two Stage Amplifier
Cascading Transistor Amplifiers
Calculating Coupling Capacitor Values
Transistor Configurations
Emitter Follower Configuration
Input Impedance
Transistor Biasing Voltage
Shifting the DC Bias Level
Common Emitter Amplifier
Bias and Stabilisation
Active Transistor Circuits
LDR Pull Up, Pull Down Circuit
Thermistor Pull Up, Pull Down Circuit
Light Operated Transistor Switch
Light Dependent Resistor and Relay Circuit
Thermistor Controlled Switch
Field Effect Transistors
Basic N Channel FET
Basic MOSFET
FET Negative Biasing
FET Automatic Biasing
Depletion / Enhancement MOSFET
Enhancement MOSFET
Basic Operational Amplifier
Inverting Op-Amp
Non-Inverting Op-Amp 1
Non-Inverting Op-Amp 2
Dual Supply Op-Amp
Input Difference Amplifier
Buffer Amplifier
Integrator Amplifier
Differential Amplifier
Op-Amp Theory
Inverting Long Tail Pair
Non-Inverting Long Tail Pair
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
Virtual Earth
Gain and Frequency Response
Common Mode Rejection Ratio CMRR
Op-Amp Applications
Voltage Oscillator
Schmitt Trigger
Sinking and Sourcing Output Current
Timer Delay
Light Sensitive Comparator
Sum and Difference Amp
Difference Amplifier
Summing Amplifier
Integrator Amplifier
Digital to Analogue Conversion
Digital to Analogue Using a Resistor Ladder
Testing
Analogue Multi-meter
Measuring Voltage (Voltmeter)
Measuring Current (Ammeter)
Measuring Resistance (Ohmmeter)
Effect of Meter Loading
Meter Overload Protection
Measurement
Wheatstone Bridge
Component Testing
Resistors
Capacitors
Diodes
Silicon Controlled Rectifier
NPN Transistor
Identifying Transistor Types
Diode Probe
Logic Probe
Electronics Toolbox
AC Calculations
Sinewave Average Values
Peak, Peak-to-Peak and RMS
Instantaneous Values
Phase Advance, Retard and 180 degree Shift
Capacitor Charge, Reactance and Value
Parallel Capacitors
Charge on C and RC Time Constant
Power Factors in RC circuit
Series Capacitors
Induced EMF, Inductance and Reactance
Inductance, RL Time constant and Resonant Frequency
Power Factors in RL circuit
Series Impedance
Parallel Impedance
Voltage, Current and Power Ratios
Numbers
Adding Positive and Negative Values
Subtracting Positive and Negative Values
Square Roots and Number Rounding
Determine Sides of a Right Angle Triangle
Sine, Cosine and Tangent Angles
Degree and Radian Angular Rotation
Decimal, Hexadecimal and Octal Conversion
Binary Addition and Subtraction
One's and Two's Complement Numbers
Decimal, BCD and Binary Conversion
Rectangular Addition and Subtraction
Rectangular and Polar Conversion
Applications
Operational Amplifiers
Difference Operational Amplifier
Summing Operational Amplifier
Half and Full Wave Rectifiers
Heatsink Calculations

Number Systems
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Types of Numbers
Further Addition
Further Subtraction
Further Multiplication
Further Division
Directed Numbers
Finding Next Number in a Sequence
Temperature Conversion Application
Matrices Addition
Matrices Multiplication
Number Conversion
Rounding Numbers
Significant Figures
Exponent To Ordinary Form
Standard Form To Ordinary Form
Ordinary to Standard Form
Number Types
Rational and Irrational Numbers
Factors of n
Prime Numbers
Prime Factors
Lowest Common Multiple
Highest Common Factor
Roots
Square Roots
Square Root of a Product
Cube Roots
Angles and Parallels
Angle Names
Vertically Opposite Angles
Alternate Angles
Corresponding Angles
Supplementary Angles
Triangle Ratios
Pythagorean Theorem
Sine
Cosine
Tangent
Find Length of Opposite Side using Sin
Find Length of Adjacent Side using Cos
Find Length of Opposite side using Tan
Tangent Properties
Triangle Angles
Interior Angles
Congruent
Quadrilateral
Exterior Angles
Octagonal
Locus
Enlargement
Negative Scale Factor
Percentages
Decimal to Percentage
Percentage to Decimal
Measurement 1 as a % of Measurement 2
Percentage Change
Percentage Error
Compound Interest
Appreciation
Depreciation
Product of Percentages
Ratios
Ratio
Proportional Parts Quantity Division
Fractions
Proper and Improper Fractions
Mixed Numbers
Addition of Fractions
Subtraction of Fractions
Multiplication of Fractions
Division of Fractions
Fractions to Decimals
Fractions to Percentages
Vectors
Bearings
Vector Parallelogram
Circle Angles
Radius of a Circle
Circle Area
Chord of a Circle
Tangent of a Circle
Arc of a Circle
Length of an Arc
Segment of a Circle
Area of a Segment
Sector Area
Circle Theorem
Circumference Angle
Subtended Angle
Cyclic Quadrilaterals
Laws
Associative Laws
Non Associative Laws
Commutative Laws
Non Commutative Laws
Distributive Laws
Algebra Rules
Rules
Algebra 1
Formula Transformation
Addition
Subtraction
Addition and Subtraction
Subtraction and Addition
Algebra 2
Multiplication
Division
Multiplication and Division
Further Algebra Division
Mathematical Rules
Sign Rules
Identity Law for Addition
Identity Multiplication Law
Inverse Addition
Inverse Multiplication
Inequalities

Powers and Indices
Powers of a Number
Fractional Indices
Multiplying Numbers with Indices
Dividing Numbers with Indices
Multiplying and Dividing Standard Form Numbers
Simplifying
Removing Brackets
Factoring
Equations
Simple Linear Equations 1
Solving Linear Equations
Graphing
Linear Equation Graphs
Quadratic Equation Graphs
Simultaneous Linear Equation
Gradient of a Point on a Curve
Gradient of a Curve
Distance / Time Graph
Slope and Translation
Positive Gradient
Negative Gradient
X-Y Coordinates
The Slope of a Line
Translation
Reflection
Curves and Angle Conversion
Sine Curve
Combining Sine Curves
Cosine Curve
Tangent Curve
Degrees to Radians
Radians to Degrees
Personal Finance
Wages and Salaries
VAT (Value Added Tax)
Hire Purchase and Credit
Simple Interest
Foreign Currency Conversion
Income Tax
Mechanics
Area
Parallelogram
Trapezium Area
Triangle Area
Annulus Area
Cylinder Surface Area
Pyramid Net and Surface Area
Surface Area and Symmetry
Surface Area of a Cone
Sphere Surface Area
Lines of Symmetry
Planes of Symmetry
Pyramid
Cube
Volume
Cylinder Volume
Triangular Prism Volume
Pyramid Volume
Cone Volume
Sphere Volume
Compound Measures
Density
Mass
Volume
Speed
Distance
Time
Geometry
Bisect a Line at Right Angles
Construct Perpendicular Line
Dividing Longer Lengths or Distances
Bisecting an Angle
Finding Centre of Rhombus
Finding Centre of a Circle
Repeating an Angle
Draw Fixed Angles of 30 and 60 degrees
Draw fixed angles of 90 and 45 degrees
Motion
Speed, Velocity and Acceleration
Displacement / Time Graph
Velocity / Time Graph
Mass (Density and Relative Density)
Momentum
Weight
Friction Force
Stress
Strain
Work, Energy, Power and Efficiency
Moment of Force
Moments of Force in Equilibrium
Torque
Simple Lever Mechanical Advantage
The Inclined Plane
The Screw Jack
Simple Dual Pulley
Single Pulley Block and Tackle
Multiple Pulley Block and Tackle
Simple Belt Drive
Gearing
Gear Train with Idler
Compound Gear Train
Optics
Light Propagation
Radiation
Reflection
Image in a Plane Mirror
Refraction
Apparent Distance and Actual Distance
Total Internal Reflection
Prisms
Illumination
Lenses and Focal Length

Hardware Devices
Character Codes
Mouse Signals
Additive Colour Mixing
Monitor Raster Scanning
Simple Graphics Adaptor
256 Intensity Levels
Colour Monitor
Disk Drives
CD-ROM/DVD
Serial Port Communications
Serial and Parallel Data Transfer
Data Structures
Sorting
Merging
Searching
Array
Stack
Queues
Linked Lists
Binary Trees
Data Files
Fixed Length Record
Sequential Files
Indexed Sequential Files
Random Access Hash Tables
Locating Individual Records
Check Digits
Parity Error Checking
Cyclic Redundancy Check
Computer Systems
Computer Hardware Configuration
Computer Operating System
Local Area Networks
Wide Area Network
UK Telephone System
Data Handling
Manual Data Handling System
Computer Data Handling System
Data and Information
Data Entry and Verification
Data Validation
Methods of Processing Data
Data Security - Backups
System Development
Stages of System Development
System Flowcharting
Processing Strategy
File Management System
Computer Hardware
Computer Software
Computer Programming
Programming Structure
Constant Values
Data Types
Data Strings
Working with Character Strings
Conditional Branching
SelectCase Statement Block
ForNext Loop
DoUntil Loop
Procedures
Data Analysis
Frequency Distribution
Standard Deviation
Pie Chart
Probability Tree
Probability Addition Law
Probability Multiplication Law
Quartiles
Cumulative Frequency, Box Plot
Continuous Even Distribution
Sampling Theory
Correlation Analysis
Moving Average
Seasonality
Binary Numbers
Simple Decimal To Binary
Simple Binary to Decimal
Decimal To Binary
Binary to Decimal
Decimal to Octal
Octal to Decimal
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Binary Arithmetic
Sign and Magnitude
One's Complement Numbers
Two's Complement Numbers
Decimal to BCD
Binary Addition
Binary Subtraction
Floating Point Binary Numbers
Digital Techniques
Logic Gates 1
Simple OR Logic Function
Simple AND Logic Function
AND Gate Function
OR Gate Function
NAND Gate Function
NOR Gate Function
NOT Gate Function
Exclusive OR Gate Function
Equivalent Exclusive OR Circuit
OR Function from NAND Gates
Mixed Logic Analysis 1
Logic Analysis 2
Logic Gates 2
AND Gate
OR Gate
NOT Gate
NAND Gate
NOR Gate
EXCLUSIVE OR Gate
Equivalent OR Gate
Equivalent NAND Gate
Logic Families
DL (Diode Logic)
DTL (Diode-Transistor Logic)
TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic)
ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic)
I2L (Integrated Injection Logic)
MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Logic)
CMOS (Complementary MOS)
Flip Flops
NAND RS Flip-flop
NOR RS Flip-flop
Clocked RS Flip-flop
D Type Flip-flop
T Type Flip-flop
Master Slave Flip-flop
JK Flip-flop
Combinational Logic
Half Adder
Full Adder
Parallel Adder
2-4 Line Binary Decoder
Decimal to BCD Encoder
Binary Multiplexer
Data Masking
Adding a Data Parity Bit
Counters
Bistable or Flip Flop
Clocked R,S Flip Flop
D Type Data Latch
Divide by Two Counter
Divide-by-Four Counter
4-Bit Binary Counter
Counting
Ripple Counter
Up/Down Counter
Divide By 7 Counter
Synchronous Up Counter
Synchronous Down Counter
Shift Registers
Right Shift Register
Left Shift Register
Parallel Load Shift Register
Logic Interfacing
Logic Buffer Stage
Bipolar Transistor Driver
CMOS to TTL Logic Interface
Clock Pulse Generator
555 Timer
Basic 555 Timer
555 Timer Duty Cycle
Monostable
Boolean and DeMorgan's
Boolean Postulates
Commutative and Associative Rules
Identity
Absorption and Negating Rules
Distributive Rules
De Morgan's Theorems
Simplifying using Boolean Theorem's
Simplifying using DeMorgan's Theorem's
Microprocessors
Micro-Computer
Basic Micro-Computer
Micro-Computer Architecture
Microprocessor Block Diagram
Data/Address Bus
Microprocessor Data Bus
Microprocessor Address Bus
Memory Addressing
Memory Cell Addressing
Chip Select and Addressing
ALU
Logic Unit
Accumulator
Clock and Reset
Microprocessor Clock
Microprocessor Reset Circuit
Instructions and Control
Instruction Register
Instruction Decoder
Control Signals
Chip Select
Memory Cells
Transistor Switch
Multi-Emitter Transistor
Read/Write Sense Amplifier
Bipolar Memory Cell
Microprocessor Memory
Read Only Memory
Random Access Memory
Addressing Modes
Immediate Addressing
Implied Addressing
Absolute Addressing
Offset or Relative Addressing
Zero Page Addressing
Absolute Indexed Addressing
Zero Page Indexed
Indirect Addressing
Indexed Indirect Addressing
Indirect Indexed Addressing

Instructions Set 1
LDA Load the Accumulator
STA Store Accumulator in Memory
ADC Add with Carry
AND Logical AND
ORA Inclusive OR with Accumulator
EOR Exclusive OR
CMP Compare Accumulator
SBC Subtract with Carry
LDX Load the X Register
LDY Load Y Register
STX Store X in Memory
STY Store Y in Memory
Instructions Set 2
CPX Compare to X Register
CPY Compare to Y Register
DEC Decrement Memory
INC Increment Memory
ASL Arithmetic Shift Left
LSR Logical Shift Right
ROL Rotate Left One Bit
ROR Rotate Right One Bit
BIT Test Accumulator With Memory Bits
JMP Jump to Address
JSR Jump to Subroutine
NOP No Operation Performed
Instructions Set 3
Branching
Clear Flags
BRK Break
DEX Decrement X Register
INX Increment X Register
DEY Decrement Y Register
INY Increment Y Register
RTI Return from Interrupt
Push Register Contents
Pull Register Contents
RTS Return from Subroutine
Set Status Register Flags
Transfer between Registers
Pic Microcontrollers
PIC Introduction
Microprocessor / PIC Microcontroller
Basic PIC Operation Diagram
Basic PIC Application
Instruction Set Summary
PIC16F84 Register File Summary
PIC Program Structure
Code example Configuring the Ports
PIC16F84 Architecture
PIC16F84 Block Diagram
Program Memory Map and Stack
Data Memory Organisation
Direct and Indirect Addressing
STATUS Register
OPTION Register
INTCON Register
Program Counter
PORTA Pins RA3:RA0
PORTA Pins RA4/T0CKI
PORTB Pins RB3:RB0
PORTB Pins RB7:RB4
TMR0/WDT Prescaler
Data EEPROM MEMORY
Crystal Oscillator Operation
RC Oscillator Operation
Configuration Fuses
Other Features of the PIC16F84
PIC16F84 Pin Diagram and Operating Features
PIC16C71 A/D
PIC16C71 Block Diagram
Data Memory Organisation
A/D Conversion Block Diagram
ADCON0: A/D Control Register 0
ADCON1: A/D Control Register 1
A/D Conversion and Input Selection
PIC16C71 Pin Diagram and Operating Features
A/D Conversion Procedure
Byte Oriented
Format for Byte file Register Operations
ADDWF f,d : ADD W and f
ANDWF f,d : AND W and f
CLRF f : Clear f
CLRW : Clear W Register
COMF f,d : Complement f
DECF f,d : Decrement f
DECFSZ f,d : Decrement f, Skip if 0
INCF f,d : Increment f
INCFSZ f,d : Increment f, Skip if 0
IORWF f,d : IOR W with f
MOVF f,d : Move f
MOVWF f,d : Move W to f
NOP : No Operation
RLF f,d : Rotate Left f through Carry
RRF f,d : Rotate Right f through Carry
SUBWF f,d : Subtract W from f
SWAPF f,d : Swap nibbles in f
XORWF f,d : Exclusive OR W with f
Bit Oriented
Format for Bit file Register Operations
BCF f,b : Bit Clear f
BSF f,b : Bit Set f
BTFSC f,b : Bit test f, Skip if Clear
BTFSS f,b : Bit test f, Skip if Set
Literal and Control
Format for Literal and Control Operations
ADDLW k : ADD Literal and W
ANDLW k : AND Literal and W
CALL : Subroutine Call
CLRWDT : Clear Watchdog Timer
GOTO : Go to address
IORLW k : Inclusive OR Literal with W
MOVLW : Move Literal to W
RETFIE : Return from Interrupt
RETLW k : Return Literal to W
RETURN : Return from Subroutine
SLEEP : Go into Standby Mode
SUBLW k : Subtract W from Literal
XORLW k : XOR Literal and W